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ENDOMETRIOSIS Endometriosis is a condition where endometrium ( the endometrial glands and stroma ) is found outside the uterus. It Mainly occurs in the reproductive age group with an incidence of 5- 10 % Most often it is multifocal The Most common sites of endometriosis are as follows Ovary Pouch of Douglas(Cul-de-Sac) Ligaments of Uterus Fallopian […]

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CYTOCHEMICAL STAINS IN HEMATOLOGICAL NEOPLASMS. Author: Dr  Faheema Hasan, MD Pathology  cytochemical stains  are the special stains that can be performed on peripheral blood smears and bone marrow smears. They play a very important role in diagnosis, differentiation and classification of Leukemias. These stains can be 1) cytochemical stains ie they use cellular enzymatic reactions to […]

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CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS It is a chronic inflammation of the tubules and interstitium associated with fibrosis of the renal parenchyma. This is associated with distortion of the pelvicalyceal system. This is one of the most common cause of end stage kidney disease. Causes of chronic pyelonephritis The most common causes of chronic pyelonephritis are 1. REFLUX […]

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WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA) It is the most common pediatric renal tumor.Occurs in childern between 2- 5 years of age. Majority of the tumors are sporadic. But can also be associated with these syndromes namely 1. WAGR syndrome ( Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genital abnormalities, and mental Retardation)[ deletion of WT1 gene] 2. Denys- Drash Syndrome ( […]

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RENAL CELL CARCINOMA-CLEAR CELL TYPE Renal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of kidney arising from renal tubular epithelium This is also referred to as Hypernephroma, Grawitz tumor or adenocarcinoma of kidney. Occurs in 6th to 7th decades of life with a slight male preponderance Gross and Microscopy of Renal cell carcinoma Gross: The tumor […]

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RIPPLED PATTERN  #patternsinhistopathology Rippled meaning: form or flow with small waves on the surface. Or move in a way resembling small waves. Rippled pattern in histopathology is a histomorphological feature where  alternating areas of cells in the form of cords, and stroma form a pattern which is similar to that of ripple marks in water […]

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PLEXIFORM PATTERN #patternsinhistopathology The word ‘plexiform’ denotes something which resembles or forms a plexus or a network. Plexus means a branching vessels or nerves. Eg Brachial plexus which is a nerve plexus formed by intercommunications among the ventral rami (roots) of the lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1), as shown […]

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